Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise - Nature Correspondence to up inside the thylakoids, which are these parts of the chloroplast. The illustration shows how an enzyme (tRNA synthetase) uses ATP to "charge" a tRNA molecule, attaching an amino acid that will be used for building a protein. DOCX Humble Independent School District / Homepage Sparsely populated, Patagonia is known, Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. At ADP, security is integral to our products, our business processes and our infrastructure. Furthermore, several ATP-dependent enzymes and signaling proteins are regulated by ADP, and their activation profiles are a function of the ATP-to-ADP ratio. The first-order kinetic reaction model was used to estimate the inactivation rate constant of enzyme inactivation (Eq. This could be due to cell structure (e.g., nucleus) or a true difference in ATP-to-ADP ratio. Therefore, when optimizing the optimal temperature for the reaction, the entire catalytic reaction process must be considered. Learn how we can tackle your industry demands together. Expression and purification of the enzymes (AtAdk, SlPPK, DaPPK, AcsPPK, LhPPK, RsPPK, AcPPK) were performed as described previously (Shen et al. The ATP content reached 18.9mM at 4h, and the yield was 61.3%. Bioprocess. sequenced a cDNA clone of the human transporter in 1989. what we see really big, that is a blown-up version of TSBICIP-KJGG-009), and the China National Key Research and Development Program (Grant No. The Park Service intends to purchase this private tract as part of an effort to expand the park. Dont take our word for it. And right over here would be Using different concentration of adenosine, we found that as the concentration increased, the conversion rate to ATP gradually decreased. If you remove just one of these phosphate groups from the end, so that there are just two phosphate groups, the molecule is much happier. Several methods of ATP production have been developed. State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China, Chuanqi Sun,Zonglin Li,Xiao Ning,Wentian Xu&Zhimin Li, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China, You can also search for this author in Do you want help tracking time and attendance? Some pumps move other types of small molecules. And the ATP in mitochondria, you can view as the end 2019). With RUN's premium HR package option, you will receive features that go above and beyond what you get with other providers. Enzyme Microb Tech 129:109354109362. Stack Exchange network consists of 182 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Biosci Biotech Bioch 76:15581560. According to the previously study in our laboratory, PPK derived from Acidibacillus sulfuroxidans (AsPPK) possesses good thermostability but low activity (Li et al. ADP can be changed to ATP, but this reaction requires energy. And you also see it when The adenosine was completely consumed in 2h and the SlPPK was then added into the system. essentially a proton. Then, we determined the optimum pH for the first stage reaction by carrying out the experiment at different pH values. 5). Google Scholar, Calaby JH (1951) Adenosine triphosphate from insect muscle. yield more than twice the energy compared to this reaction: AMP + H0 Adenosine + P. The lysate was centrifuged at 6000g and 4C for 20min. Biology Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for biology researchers, academics, and students. PMC Biology - Cellular Respiration Section 1: Glycolysis Flashcards ATP, ADP, and NADH are examples of molecules that regulate cellular respiration enzymes. These bunched up negative charges want to escape - to get away from each other, so there is a lot of potential energy here. Sun, C., Li, Z., Ning, X. et al. When you ask for why something happens in biology, the answer to that question depends on what, specifically, you want to know. Nevertheless, reports on the enzymatic synthesis of ATP are lacking. https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20150203, Becker M, Nikel P, Andexer JN, Ltz S, Rosenthal K (2021) A multi-enzyme cascade reaction for the production of 23-cGAMP. Samples was taken after 10min and used to measure the rate of adenosine consumption to determine the optimum enzyme ratio. it'll be more positive, so there will be a electromotive force to go to the other side. Save money with clear visibility into costs. Adenine nucleotide translocator - Wikipedia Solved 3 attempts left Check my work Use the values for the | Chegg.com https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201900303, Parnell AE, Mordhorst S, Kemper F, Giurrandino M, Prince JP, Schwarzer NJ et al (2018) Substrate recognition and mechanism revealed by ligand-bound polyphosphate kinase 2 structures. is not usually passed onto HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help ATP, for instance, is a "stop" signal: high levels mean that the cell has enough ATP and does not need to make more through cellular respiration. [13], ADP/ATP translocase transports ATP synthesized from oxidative phosphorylation into the cytoplasm, where it can be used as the principal energy currency of the cell to power thermodynamically unfavorable reactions. If the substrate concentration is further increased, different feeding strategies can be applied to ensure polyP supply. Without ATP, we couldn't form a thought or move a muscle. At ADP, we believe sports and business both require the right approach. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. ADP can convert to ATP during what transition? - Brainly.com Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Biosensors to Explore AMPK Signaling and Energy Metabolism. Pay your people in just minutes, with an intuitive platform. To synthesize ATP from adenosine, a multi-enzyme cascade catalytic system containing AtAdk and PPKs was constructed in vitro (Fig. Careers. To add phosphate What does the term phosphorylation mean? Learn more about RNA, visit RNA's Role in the Central Dogma. The protons then diffuse back across the membrane through ATP synthase, a remarkable molecular machine that uses the energy from proton diffusion to charge molecules of ATP. 2014;542:289-311. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-416618-9.00015-7. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr000230w, Article Cookies policy. ATP stores energy within the bonds between phosphate groups, especially the second and third. J Mol Cell Cardiol. ATP/ADP - Chemistry LibreTexts The highest enzyme activity of all PPKs was set as 100% of relative activity. ADP and ATP are inter-convertible. Since the basic reaction involves a water molecule, ATP + H 2 O ADP + P i. this reaction is commonly referred to as the hydrolysis of ATP.The change in Gibbs free energy in the reaction is . Cells 9:24962517. ADP (blue), Ligand-dependent PercevalHR fluorescence. The PPK 2 family is further divided into three classes according to the phylogenetic analysis and substrate preference of enzymes: Class I catalyzes the phosphorylation of adenosine diphosphates (ADP) to ATP; Class II prefers to use adenosine monophosphates (AMP) as a substrate to produce ADP, and Class III provides catalytic activity for the above two reactions (Ogawa et al. B Effect of Mg2+ concentration on the consumption of adenosine. NUTR Chapter 6, 7, 8 , 9, 10 Flashcards | Quizlet Thats why ADP built solutions to help you stay compliant. ADP can be converted into ATP during the addition of an inorganic phosphate. It is also required in numerous in vitro enzyme reactions as the energy provider (Kitao and Hata 2018; Huang et al. 5.2: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation In the twentieth century, ATP was extracted from metabolically active rabbit and insect muscles (Calaby 1951; Baddiley et al. Relative activities of six PPKs. Adenosine was consumed in 100mM TrisHCl buffer (pH 8.0) at 37, 45, and 50C, respectively. D Thermostability of SlPPK at 45C. Under those conditions the free energy change is. Our whole complex metabolic system is arranged to capture some of this energy and put it to work. However, at a certain amount of total enzyme, more amount of LhPPK could significantly accelerate the accumulation of ADP. During photosynthesis, they use energy from sunlight to make ATP. Now you've probably seen it before. Int J Mol Sci. this reaction is commonly referred to as the hydrolysis of ATP. PubMedGoogle Scholar. For animals, you use the energy from your high energy storage molecules to do what you need to do to keep yourself alive, and then you "recharge" them to put them back in the high energy state. adPEO shows Mendelian inheritance patterns but is characterized by large-scale mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions. PubMed We accidently discovered that LhPPK had adenylate kinase activity, which was also reported in previous research on PPK properties (Mordhorst et al. It plays a central role in numerous aspects of the cellular metabolism (Nath 2016; Chi Da and Kido 2014), such as in the biosynthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides, and providing energy for active transport mechanisms (Chen and Zhang 2021). We embrace innovative new tools including artificial intelligence and machine learning solutions to address the critical needs of our clients and associates. Through additional services, ADP can help you manage leave during and after a disaster and advise you on benefits, policies and programs to help your employees recover.*. Nature 161:761. https://doi.org/10.1038/161761a0, Bai X, Meng D, Wei X, Zhou X, Lu F, You C (2019) Facile synthesis of (-) - vibo-quercitol from maltodextrin via an in vitro synthetic enzymatic biosystem. [8] There are structures available that show the translocator locked in a cytoplasmic state by the inhibitor carboxyatractyloside,[8][20] or in the matrix state by the inhibitor bongkrekic acid. The phosphoryl group transfer potential of ATP provides a thermodynamic driving force for many metabolic reactions, and phosphorylation of both small metabolites and large proteins can serve as a regulatory modification. DNA replication and protein synthesis are especially high in these cells. The energy released by hydrolysis (breakdown) of ATP is used to power many energy-requiring cellular reactions. On the one hand, an excessively high concentration of polyP severely inhibits the activity of kinases, such as cytidine kinase (Li et al. McNally LA, Altamimi TR, Fulghum K, Hill BG. Relative enzyme activity of SlPPK at different pH values. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. As its name suggests, adenosine triphosphate is comprised of adenosine bound to three phosphate groups (Figure 6.4. from its name what it does. The reaction was stopped after 2h by adding an equal volume of 1M HCl on ice. Oxidative phosphorylation - Wikipedia Would you like email updates of new search results? I understand how in chemistry the two are used interchangeably. What is required to transform adp to atp. . In this way, every molecule of ATP is recycled roughly 1300 times a day. Nat Prod Rep 37:13161333. The black bar is the amount of ATP produced by the reaction of different PPKs with 1mM polyP6 and 10mM ADP as substrates. the thylakoids happens because of the light reactions, the first phase of photosynthesis. ATP plays a key role in signal transduction (Rajendran et al. $\begingroup$ This is a site for "biology researchers, academics, and students" where questions are expected to be accompanied by demonstration of one's own efforts to solve a problem. Find payroll and retirement calculators, plus tax and compliance resources. Some cells, like the ones that make up our skin and the lining of our digestive tract, are actively dividing to replace cells that are lost every day. The samples were, respectively, diluted and analyzed by measuring the concentration of ADP or ATP using HPLC. J Agr Food Chem 68:91889194. The ATP-to-ADP ratio is directly proportional to cellular energy charge and phosphorylation potential. The same amount of enzyme was taken at different times to determine the residual enzyme activity. Fast, easy, accurate payroll and tax, so you can save time and money. But dont just take our word for it nearly 2/3 customers feel ADP helps their company better comply with payroll taxes and regulations than their previous provider.5. How does ADP get converted to ATP quizlet? The orange, blue and black lines represent the reaction system of 10, 20 and 30mM adenosine. Discover how easy and intuitive it is to use our solutions. At 37C and pH 8.0 (the optimal reaction conditions for AtAdk), the enzymatic activities of PPK2-I to ADP and the enzymatic activities of PPK2-III to AMP were determined. Required fields are marked *. Adenosine diphosphate - Wikipedia var d=new Date(); document.write(d.getFullYear()); ADP, Inc. Find the package that's right for your business. Overexpression of the enzymes was induced by the addition of 0.2mM isopropyl--d-thiogalactopyranoside when the optical density at 600nm of the culture reached 0.60.8, and then, the bacteria were incubated at 18C and 220rpm for 16h. After induction, the cells were harvested by centrifugation at 4600g and 4C for 5min, washed once and resuspended in 10mM TrisHCl buffer (pH 8.0). And ATP synthase in Access the definitive source for exclusive data-driven insights on todays working world. Genetically Engineered Human Kidney Cells for Real-Time Cytotoxicity Testing In Vitro. 4F). Enter your information to launch the self-guided demo now. electrochemical gradient, that then produces our ATP. Design of an ADP sensor with weak ADP affinity, but still selective against ATP. Bioscience Rep 36:e00294e00308. [8] Further work has demonstrated that ANT is a monomer in detergents [9] and functions as a monomer in mitochondrial membranes. Latex3 how to use content/value of predefined command in token list/string? F-type ATP synthases are transmembrane enzymes, which play a central role in the metabolism of all aerobic and photosynthetic cells and organisms, being the major source of their ATP synthesis. [1][2] There are structures available that show the translocator locked in a cytoplasmic state by the inhibitor carboxyatractyloside,[8][20] or in the matrix state by the inhibitor bongkrekic acid.[21]. Figure S1. But in this case, is it literally just H+? Figure S3. All services may not be available in all states. Todays digital landscape means limitless possibilities, and also complex security risks and threats. ADP and the ADP logo are registered trademarks of ADP, Inc. All other marks are the property of their respective owners. In these reactions, enzymes oversee the transfer of energy from ATP hydrolysis to the formation of another chemical bond. This is a common problem when asking about the explanations for things that happen in a biological context. The sole job of pump proteins is to move molecules from one side of a cells membrane to another, against their concentration gradients. Nucleos Nucleot Nucl 14:693694. Was the phrase "The world is yours" used as an actual Pan American advertisement? Comment. To produce the required ATP, the respiratory or electron-transport chain in the mitochondria requires the following substrates: reducing equivalents in the form of NADH and FADH 2, free ADP, P i . (2015, September 1) ATP. OV235 (PYG87866.1) were synthesized by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China) and introduced into the Bam HI/Xho I restriction sites of pET28a (+), yielding the plasmids pET28a-atadk, pET28a-slppk, pET28a-dappk, pET28a-acsppk, pET28a-lhppk, pET28a-rsppk, and pET28a-acppk. II. Terms and Conditions, Using 1mM polyP6 as the substrate, we finally detected 4mM ATP after SlPPK- and AcsPPK-catalyzed reactions (Fig. CAS The Pi for providing phosphate group is from polyP6. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . ADP in the intermembrane space, coming from the cytoplasm, binds the translocase and induces its eversion, resulting in the release of ADP into the matrix. The ATP-to-ADP ratio is directly proportional to cellular energy charge and phosphorylation potential. ADP, Inc. and its affiliates are not affiliated with Gusto, Paychex, QuickBooks Payroll or SurePayroll. In this study, in the absence of Mg2+, the coupling reaction hardly proceeded. Zonglin Li or Zhimin Li. 1 Answer Krishan T. Sep 8, 2017 ATP is formed by conversion of ADP in presence of inorganic phosphate and energy . This is a case of feedback inhibition, in which a product "feeds back" to shut down its pathway. ATP is a nucleotide that consists of three main structures: the nitrogenous base, adenine; the sugar, ribose; and a chain of three phosphate groups bound to ribose. E. coli Rosetta (DE3) and the plasmid pET28a (+) were used for protein expression. Clients can also email questions to the Payroll Center at any time. Regulation of Cellular Respiration | OpenStax Biology 2e - Lumen Learning At ADP, we are committed to unlocking potential not only in our clients and their businesses, but in our people, our communities and society as a whole. PubMed Central When you hit a snag with payroll, you cant wait days for someone to get back to you with the right answer. Pixel-by-pixel division of the Channel 1 image by the Channel 2 image results in the Ratio image (right, red). Google Scholar, Asada M, Nakanishi K, Matsuno R (1978) Continuous ATP regeneration utilizing glycolysis and kinase systems of yeast. 2020 Apr;62(4):252-259. doi: 10.1007/s12033-020-00245-z. ATP synthesis and storage - PMC - National Center for Biotechnology Most of our cells steadily make proteins and carry out other repairs as part of their routine maintenance. [14][15][16] The ANT and the F0-F1 ATP synthase are not necessarily in directional synchrony. *Insurance products will be offered and sold only through ADPIA, its licensed agents or its licensed insurance partners; 1 ADP Blvd. 2021). pH 8.0 was found to be the optimal pH for the reaction by comparing the adenosine consumption rate (Fig. ACS Catal 8:23852396. Salt Lake City (UT): Genetic Science Learning Center; 2015 official website and that any information you provide is encrypted @SonicSplasher actually both can be true in the, @theforestecologist yup in the case of photorespiration, Where does the energy required to turn ADP into ATP come from? ADP (blue) bound to the GlnK domain (grey) shifts the Venus (green) chromophore charge state equilibrium (box), favoring the neutral protonated A-state. Dont just take our word for it. CQS performed the experiments and the data analysis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2018.10.007, Da Chi J, Kido H (2014) Extraction and quantification of adenosine triphosphate in mammalian tissues and cells. 2020 Jun 15;33(6):1339-1355. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00356. To further efficiently obtained products with higher yields, the reaction conditions was studied in the process. 3B). https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3002(63)91813-4, Li Z, Ning X, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Xiao C, Li Z (2020a) a) Efficient one-pot synthesis of cytidine 5-monophosphate using an extremophilic enzyme cascade system. 8600 Rockville Pike https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.8b03151, Ogawa M, Uyeda A, Harada K, Sato Y, Kato Y, Watanabe H et al (2019) Class III polyphosphate kinase 2 enzymes catalyze the pyrophosphorylation of adenosine-5-monophosphate. Explanation: ATP and ADP are considered as currency of energy. Posted August 5, 2021. Much like a standard battery can power multiple electronic devices, ATP can power many molecular processes. 0.1g/L SlPPK was added at the moment when the adenosine was completely consumed. The samples were centrifuged at 13,500g and 4C for 10min, then the supernatant were taken to dilute and detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, see HPLC analysis method). The SlPPK showed half-lifetimes of 155.6 and 68h at 45 and 50C, respectively, which were longer than most of the known PPKs (Fig. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. When MgATP (red) binds, the conformational change in GlnK is transduced to Venus, altering its fluorescence. DNA is built using a similar process, only the building blocks are dATP, dTTP, dCTP, and dGTP. ATP is remarkable for its ability to enter into many coupled reactions, both those to food to extract energy and with the reactions in other physiological processes to provide energy to them. kinetic properties and gene expression. Pyruvate 3 carbon sugar produced when glucose is split during glycolysis Mitochondria Organelle found in all organisms that is the site of aerobic cellular respiration 5.2: The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis The oxidation of glucose operates in a cycle called the TCA cycle or Krebs cycle in eukaryotic cells to provide energy for the conversion of ADP to ATP. Figure S2: (A) Time course of adenosine analyzed by HPLC. 2020; Dou et al. Using adenosine and inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) as key substrates, we combined adenosine kinase and two functionally distinct polyphosphate kinases (PPKs) in a one-pot reaction to achieve chain-like ATP regeneration and production. The ADP portion of the molecule stays the same. J Biotechnol 226:813. The fluorescence intensity images alone cannot distinguish the two possibilities. And you might be able to predict When this happens, it also changes the shape of the capsid., This character is banned from VS threads. ADP vs. Gusto ADP vs. Paychex ADP vs. QuickBooks ADP vs. SurePayroll. You visit the tract and begin conducting an on-site assessment of stream water quality. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 115:33503355. Discover a wealth of knowledge to help you tackle payroll, HR and benefits, and compliance. As enzymes break apart the molecules from food, they transfer hydrogen atoms (made of a proton and an electron) to the carrier molecules FAD and NAD. Two points must be considered in the process of using polyP as a phosphate donor. However, this had no effect on the final ATP production, regardless of the initial ATP concentration (Fig. In humans, there exist three paraologous ANT isoforms: ANT has long been thought to function as a homodimer, but this concept was challenged by the projection structure of the yeast Aac3p solved by electron crystallography, which showed that the protein was three-fold symmetric and monomeric, with the translocation pathway for the substrate through the centre. Get these tools with ADP, but not with Gusto2, Get these tools with ADP, but not with Paychex2, Get these tools with ADP, but not with QuickBooks Payroll2, Learn more about ADP vs. QuickBooks Payroll, Get these tools with ADP, but not with SurePayroll2, See how customers rated ADP on G2, the world's leading business software review platform, in the categories that matter most.4. Figure 6.4. In fact, many processes with positive G values can take place when coupled with the hydrolysis of ATP. Two PPK families have been widely characterized (Tavanti et al. The electron transport chain is a series of proteins and organic molecules found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Motor proteins are one shape when bound to ATP. https://doi.org/10.1080/15257779508012451, Article If a PPK could utilize 4 phosphate groups in polyP6, 10, 20, and 30mM adenosine reactions required 7.5, 15, and 22.5mM polyP6, respectively. Finally, the coupling reaction was eventually carried out under the conditions of enzyme ratio of AtAdk: LhPPK=4: 1, magnesium ion concentration of 20mM, temperature of 45C, and pH of 8.0. SDS-PAGE analysis of recombinant enzymes. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0GC02268C, Meng Q, Zhang Y, Ju X, Ma C, Ma H, Chen J et al (2016) Production of 5-aminolevulinic acid by cell free multi-enzyme catalysis. Plants have a third. However, this method was too costly for scalable production. 2019). The biggest users of ATP are listed below. The codon-optimized PPKs were synthesized and overexpressed in E. coli Rosetta (DE3) in LB medium. Under standard conditions this change G0' is, But inside a living cell, typical concentrations of the reactants might be [ATP]=10mM, [ADP]=1mM and [Pi]=10mM. 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate - Biology for AP Courses - OpenStax Clin Immunol 188:6773. How do I fill in these missing keys with empty strings to get a complete Dataset? , offspring 2000). For example, using polyP6 as the phosphate donor, most PPKs can utilize two phosphate groups, whereas some PPKs can utilize three or even four. [8], ADP/ATP exchange is energetically expensive: about 25% of the energy yielded from electron transfer by aerobic respiration, or one hydrogen ion, is consumed to regenerate the membrane potential that is tapped by ADP/ATP translocase. Attend webinars or find out where and when we can connect at in-person events. All cells make it (it doesn't travel from cell to cell), and they use it to power nearly all of their processes. @SonicSplasher hinted at the answer, but you should flesh that out for yourself, and in future consider that two apparently . Thermostability of SlPPK at 50 C. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. In the case of Photosynthesis, it is energy from the sun that drives the photosystems that generate that proton gradient in the first place. Cite this article. ACS Catal 8:1074610760. Learn.Genetics. Adding a third phosphate group (phosphorylation) adds energy, like compressing a spring. From physical checks to direct deposit, when it comes to distributing wages, todays employers have more and smarter choices than ever before. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an energy currency containing high-energy phosphate bonds. Samples were first diluted in water. The enzymes belonging to the PPK 1 family are generally used to catalyze the extension reaction of polyP chains, and their abilities to regenerate ATP are relatively poor (Nocek et al 2018). Imaging energy status in live cells with a fluorescent biosensor of the intracellular ATP-to-ADP ratio. 2015; Parnell et al. The character was banned for either causing too many, Patagonia is a distinct geographical region at the base of South America, spanning the southern areas of Argentina and Chile. Please do not use this character in VS threads. ATP is like a tiny battery. The activity of PPKs at 37C was assayed in 100mM TrisHCl buffer (pH 8.0) containing 10mM AMP or ADP, 20mM MgCl2, 20mM hexametaphosphate (polyP6), and an appropriate amount of enzymes. Chem Res Toxicol. The first family, which includes atractyloside (ATR) and carboxyatractyloside (CATR), binds to the ADP/ATP translocase from the cytoplasmic side, locking it in a cytoplasmic side open conformation. take place outside of the mitochondria and invests 2 ATP molecules. What is the role of ADP? The high performance liquid chromatogram of the content changes of ATP, ADP and AMP in the production system with 30mM adenosine as a substrate are shown in Fig. How common are historical instances of mercenary armies reversing and attacking their employing country?
What Is On Tlc Tonight Sunday, Iowa High School Girls, Disadvantages Of Salmon Farming, What Is Medicaid Spend Down, Articles W