We conducted multilevel analyses to test the effects of FGRS (person-level discrepancy strain), the within-person associations of felt-femininity (context-level discrepancy strain), and the interaction between FGRS and felt-femininity (person x context discrepancy strain) on self-esteem. However, 80 participants sampled in 2020 experienced a short lockdown (18days) during the data collection period. Directly assessing feelings of femininity captures the core ingredient of gender role discrepancy straindecreases in feelings of femininity. Thus, the current studies illustrate both the relevance and methodological soundness of examining the outcomes of gender role discrepancy strain through naturally occurring experiences in womens lives, and suggest that this approach may have greater power to detect feelings of gender role discrepancy strain than single, specific, and experimentally-constructed feminine discrepancy in the laboratory. American Psychological Association. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 743762. To do so, we assess drops in feeling of femininity, which provides a specific, unambiguous measure of daily and weekly experiences of feminine discrepancy strain that could emerge from a broad array of contexts. In Study 2, we assessed the associations between womens FGRS, within-person variation in felt-femininity, and self-esteem across 7weeks. However, it is possible that women who view femininity as more central to their identity and who are higher in FGRS would show even more marked decreases in self-esteem on days or weeks when they felt less feminine (i.e., a feminine identity x FGRS x felt femininity interaction). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(3), 306315. Men and masculinities: Scales for masculinity ideology and masculinity-related constructs. Finally, I investigate how the three . 022559) Human Participant Ethics Committee prior to the start of data collection. In particular, both higher FGRS and within-person drops in felt-femininity on a given day or week should predict lower self-esteem (main effects of person-level and context-level strain), but higher FGRS combined with lower felt-femininity should predict the lowest self-esteem (person x context interaction). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(4), 693. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.4.693, Munsch, C. L., & Willer, R. (2012). (1992). Extending the gender role strain paradigm to account for US males gun violence. Masculine gender role stress and intimate abuse: Effects of gender relevance of conflict situations on mens attributions and affective responses. Psychology Press. (2003). Sociologist Erving Goffman. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 18(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000036. Although fewer studies have investigated FGRS compared to MGRS, higher levels of FGRS have been associated with negative self-relevant outcomes relevant to feminine gender role expectations of attractiveness (e.g., eating disorders and body image issues; Martz et al., 1995; Mussap, 2007), or general failure to meet self-relevant social standards, such as depressed mood (Gillespie & Eisler, 1992) and shame and guilt (Efthim et al., 2001). Gender roles in society means how we're expected to act, speak, dress, groom, and conduct ourselves based upon our assigned sex. One-hundred sixty-five women enrolled in a second-year undergraduate psychology course at a large city-based university elected to participate in the study (from amongst a range of other study options) for fulfillment of a research requirement. In particular, the outcomes that emerge from feminine gender role discrepancy strain may vary based on the specific context that created feelings of gender role strain. Consistent with past research, we posit that a higher endorsement of feminine ideology would associate with higher FGRS, but that FGRS (rather than feminine ideology) would account for well-being outcomes (Richmond et al., 2015). 1 / 12 Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by Josh_Low Terms in this set (12) Define: Master status One status/role which overrides or overpowers your other roles. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122412451728, Article (2017). Men & Masculinities 101: The Gender Role Strain Paradigm Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(2), 157. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.2.157, Rudman, L. A., & Glick, P. (2001). Guilford Press. Role strain happens when someone has multiple overlapping, incompatible roles, and thus taking on one role interferes with their performance in another. Alternatively, women could be placed in situations in which they are required to contravene feminine norms, such as a situation where they must behave assertively, take control, or argue a point. (2021). Prior use of this scale in multiple studies has revealed similar means, standard deviations, and internal reliability to previous MGRS assessments (Harrington et al., 2021). Additionally, expanding the strengths of the current studies, daily or weekly sampling studies could incorporate open-ended descriptions of events that made women feel more or less feminine. (PDF) Integrating General Strain Theory and the Gender Role Strain The invalidity of disclaimers about the effects of social feedback on self-esteem. We assessed 24 of the original 39 items to maximize attentive responding given the data collection paradigm and align with abbreviated measures now used to assess MGRS (see description below). (See the Online Supplement for details on the 24 items retained, and the 15 items removed for these studies). maximalists What is the best way to describe the following study: A scientist wants to better understand the relationship between gender-role strain and physical health. In the final sample, 122 (74.4%) completed all seven weekly questionnaires, 35 (21.3%) completed six weekly questionnaires, and 7 (4.3%) completed five weekly questionnaires. Data collection and material preparation [Auguste Harrington, Nickola Overall], study conception [Auguste Harrington], data analysis [Auguste Harrington, Nickola Overall], manuscript writing [Auguste Harrington], feedback on writing and revising manuscript [Nickola Overall, Jessica Maxwell]. Study 2 was designed to replicate Study 1 but, rather than employing daily assessments, we examined whether weekly drops in felt-femininity associated with lower weekly self-esteem, particularly for women higher in FGRS. However, future research should expand on this initial demonstration by identifying the range of specific situations and experiences that can lead to feminine gender role discrepancy strain and lower felt-femininity. In R. F. Levant & W. S. Pollack (Eds. Analysis code and materials are available in the Online Supplemental Materials (https://osf.io/gnkry/?view_only=b68776ad38db426b91a3d48e0981c046). Person-level differences in the propensity to experience gender role discrepancy strain are commonly assessed using measures of gender role stress (Levant, 2022; Levant & Powell, 2017; Pleck, 1995). We then report two repeated sampling studies that test whether greater person-level discrepancy strain (higher FGRS) and greater context-level discrepancy strain (lower felt-femininity) combine to predict greater decreases in daily and weekly levels of self-esteem. Moreover, the results validate FGRS as a measure of propensity for strain in discrepant contexts by demonstrating that when women higher in FGRS experienced feminine gender role discrepancy (lower daily or weekly felt-femininity) they experienced greater strain (decreases in self-esteem) than women lower in FGRS. Rerunning the primary analyses adding MGRS as a simultaneous predictor and moderator (see Table 3) revealed that, unlike Study 1, higher levels of MGRS were associated with lower self-esteem (a significant main effect of MGRS). Psych 2370 Quiz #1 Masculinity Articles - Describe Gender Role Strain Despite the strengths of the present studies, we also acknowledge some important limitations. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Precarious manhood. After completing measures of FGRS, undergraduate women reported their feelings of femininity and self-esteem each day for 10days (Study 1, N=207, 1,881 daily records) or each week for 7weeks (Study 2, N=165, 1,127 weekly records). Guilford Press. Managing Role Strain Examples Definition Role strain refers to the stress when, for any number of reasons, an individual cannot meet the demands of their social roles (Goode 1960). Participants completed the Abbreviated Masculine Gender Role Stress Scale (Swartout et al., 2015), which includes 15 items assessing how stressful people find masculine gender role discrepant situations across five situations: physical inadequacy (e.g., Not being able to find a sexual partner), emotional inexpressiveness (e.g., Admitting that you are afraid of something), subordination to women (e.g., Being outperformed at work by a woman), intellectual inferiority (e.g., Working with people who are brighter than yourself), and performance failure (e.g., Finding you lack the occupational skills to succeed). Joseph Pleck (1995) devised the Masculine Gender Role Strain Paradigm, which identifies three strains resulting from current culture, discrepancy, dysfunction and trauma (Richmond & Levant, 2003). https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000699, Article As expected, in both studies, higher FGRS (person-level discrepancy strain) and within-person decreases in daily and weekly femininity (context-level discrepancy strain) predicted lower self-esteem, but higher FGRS combined with daily decreases in femininity predicted the lowest self-esteem (person x context interaction). To remove any variation in assessment arising from participants reporting at different points during the week, the first weekly questionnaire was sent on the Friday of the week participants signed up for the study, which was, on average, 4days (SD=2.50) after completing the initial questionnaires (FGRS and MGRS). Indeed, many routine situations across womens personal and occupational lives are likely to promote feminine gender role discrepancy strain by making salient the degree to which women are embodying (or failing to embody) feminine qualities of nurturance, communality, attractiveness, passivity, and dependence. Which is an example of gender role strain? a. A man who experiences Controlling for days between weekly reports did not alter any of the results. The main and interaction effects of felt-femininity and FGRS did not significantly differ across data collected in 2019 versus 2020 (For more detailed information, see the Online Supplement).
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